Uber Go 语言编程规范
不必要的else
如果在if的两个分支中都设置了变量,则可以将其替换为单个if。
Bad
1
2
3
4
5
6
|
var a int
if b {
a = 100
} else {
a = 10
}
|
Good
1
2
3
4
|
a := 10
if b {
a = 100
}
|
减少嵌套
代码应通过尽可能先处理错误情况/特殊情况并尽早返回或继续循环来减少嵌套。减少嵌套多个级别的代码的代码量。
Bad
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
|
for _, v := range data {
if v.F1 == 1 {
v = process(v)
if err := v.Call(); err == nil {
v.Send()
} else {
return err
}
} else {
log.Printf("Invalid v: %v", v)
}
}
|
Good
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
|
for _, v := range data {
if v.F1 != 1 {
log.Printf("Invalid v: %v", v)
continue
}
v = process(v)
if err := v.Call(); err != nil {
return err
}
v.Send()
}
|
Start Enums at One
The standard way of introducing enumerations in Go is to declare a custom type and a const group with iota.
Since variables have a 0 default value, you should usually start your enums on a non-zero value.
Bad
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
|
type Operation int
const (
Add Operation = iota
Subtract
Multiply
)
// Add=0, Subtract=1, Multiply=2
|
Good
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
|
type Operation int
const (
Add Operation = iota + 1
Subtract
Multiply
)
// Add=1, Subtract=2, Multiply=3
|
Defer to Clean Up
Use defer to clean up resources such as files and locks.
Bad
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
|
p.Lock()
if p.count < 10 {
p.Unlock()
return p.count
}
p.count++
newCount := p.count
p.Unlock()
return newCount
// easy to miss unlocks due to multiple returns
|
Good
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
|
p.Lock()
defer p.Unlock()
if p.count < 10 {
return p.count
}
p.count++
return p.count
// more readable
|
优先使用strconv而不是fmt
将原语转换为字符串或从字符串转换时,strconv速度比fmt快。
Bad
1
2
3
4
5
|
for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
s := fmt.Sprint(rand.Int())
}
BenchmarkFmtSprint-4 143 ns/op 2 allocs/op
|
Good
1
2
3
4
5
|
for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
s := strconv.Itoa(rand.Int())
}
BenchmarkStrconv-4 64.2 ns/op 1 allocs/op
|
相似的声明放在一组
Go语言支持将相似的声明放在一个组内
Bad
1
2
|
import "a"
import "b"
|
Good
1
2
3
4
|
import (
"a"
"b"
)
|
这同样适用于常量、变量和类型声明
Bad
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
|
const a = 1
const b = 2
var a = 1
var b = 2
type Area float64
type Volume float64
|
Good
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
|
const (
a = 1
b = 2
)
var (
a = 1
b = 2
)
type (
Area float64
Volume float64
)
|
仅将相关的声明放在一组。不要将不相关的声明放在一组。
Bad
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
|
type Operation int
const (
Add Operation = iota + 1
Subtract
Multiply
ENV_VAR = "MY_ENV"
)
|
Good
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
|
type Operation int
const (
Add Operation = iota + 1
Subtract
Multiply
)
const ENV_VAR = "MY_ENV"
|
分组使用的位置没有限制,例如:你可以在函数内部使用它们
Bad
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
|
func f() string {
var red = color.New(0xff0000)
var green = color.New(0x00ff00)
var blue = color.New(0x0000ff)
...
}
|
Good
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
|
func f() string {
var (
red = color.New(0xff0000)
green = color.New(0x00ff00)
blue = color.New(0x0000ff)
)
...
}
|
import组内的包导入顺序
There should be two import groups:
Standard library
Everything else
This is the grouping applied by goimports by default.
Bad
1
2
3
4
5
6
|
import (
"fmt"
"os"
"go.uber.org/atomic"
"golang.org/x/sync/errgroup"
)
|
Good
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
|
import (
"fmt"
"os"
"go.uber.org/atomic"
"golang.org/x/sync/errgroup"
)
|
函数分组与顺序
- 函数应按粗略的调用顺序排序。
- 同一文件中的函数应按接收者分组。
因此,导出的函数应先出现在文件中,放在struct、const和var定义的后面。
在定义类型之后,但在接收者的其余方法之前,可能会出现一个newXYZ()/ NewXYZ()。
由于函数是按接收者分组的,因此普通工具函数应在文件末尾出现。
Bad
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
|
func (s *something) Cost() {
return calcCost(s.weights)
}
type something struct{ ... }
func calcCost(n int[]) int {...}
func (s *something) Stop() {...}
func newSomething() *something {
return &something{}
}
|
Good
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
|
type something struct{ ... }
func newSomething() *something {
return &something{}
}
func (s *something) Cost() {
return calcCost(s.weights)
}
func (s *something) Stop() {...}
func calcCost(n int[]) int {...}
|
顶层变量声明
在顶层,使用标准var关键字。请勿指定类型,除非它与表达式的类型不同。
Bad
1
2
3
|
var _s string = F()
func F() string { return "A" }
|
Good
1
2
3
4
|
var _s = F()
// 由于F已经明确了返回一个字符串类型,因此我们没有必要显式指定_s的类型
func F() string { return "A" }
|
Prefix Unexported Globals with _
Prefix unexported top-level vars and consts with _ to make it clear when they are used that they are global symbols.
Exception: Unexported error values, which should be prefixed with err.
Rationale: Top-level variables and constants have a package scope. Using a generic name makes it easy to accidentally use the wrong value in a different file.
Bad
1
2
3
4
|
const (
defaultPort = 8080
defaultUser = "user"
)
|
Good
1
2
3
4
|
const (
_defaultPort = 8080
_defaultUser = "user"
)
|
Embedding in Structs
Embedded types (such as mutexes) should be at the top of the field list of a struct, and there must be an empty line separating embedded fields from regular fields.
Bad
1
2
3
4
|
type Client struct {
version int
http.Client
}
|
Good
1
2
3
4
5
|
type Client struct {
http.Client
version int
}
|
使用字段名初始化结构体
初始化结构体时,几乎始终应该指定字段名称。现在由go vet强制执行。
Bad
1
|
k := User{"John", "Doe", true}
|
Good
1
2
3
4
5
|
k := User{
FirstName: "John",
LastName: "Doe",
Admin: true,
}
|
例外:如果有3个或更少的字段,则可以在测试表中省略字段名称。
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
|
tests := []struct{
}{
op Operation
want string
}{
{Add, "add"},
{Subtract, "subtract"},
}
|
本地变量声明
如果将变量明确设置为某个值,则应使用短变量声明形式(:=)。
Bad
Good
但是,在某些情况下,var 使用关键字时默认值会更清晰。例如,声明空切片。
Bad
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
|
func f(list []int) {
filtered := []int{}
for _, v := range list {
if v > 10 {
filtered = append(filtered, v)
}
}
}
|
Good
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
|
func f(list []int) {
var filtered []int
for _, v := range list {
if v > 10 {
filtered = append(filtered, v)
}
}
}
|
nil是一个有效的slice
nil是一个有效的长度为0的slice,这意味着:
- 您不应明确返回长度为零的切片。返回nil 来代替。
Bad
1
2
3
|
if x == "" {
return []int{}
}
|
Good
1
2
3
|
if x == "" {
return nil
}
|
- 要检查切片是否为空,请始终使用len(s) == 0。不要检查 nil。
Bad
1
2
3
|
func isEmpty(s []string) bool {
return s == nil
}
|
Good
1
2
3
|
func isEmpty(s []string) bool {
return len(s) == 0
}
|
Bad
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
|
nums := []int{}
// or, nums := make([]int)
if add1 {
nums = append(nums, 1)
}
if add2 {
nums = append(nums, 2)
}
|
Good
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
|
var nums []int
if add1 {
nums = append(nums, 1)
}
if add2 {
nums = append(nums, 2)
}
|
缩小变量作用域
如果有可能,尽量缩小变量作用范围。除非它与减少嵌套的规则冲突。
Bad
1
2
3
4
|
err := ioutil.WriteFile(name, data, 0644)
if err != nil {
return err
}
|
Good
1
2
3
|
if err := ioutil.WriteFile(name, data, 0644); err != nil {
return err
}
|
如果需要在if之外使用函数调用的结果,则不应尝试缩小范围。
Bad
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
|
if data, err := ioutil.ReadFile(name); err == nil {
err = cfg.Decode(data)
if err != nil {
return err
}
fmt.Println(cfg)
return nil
} else {
return err
}
|
Good
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
|
data, err := ioutil.ReadFile(name)
if err != nil {
return err
}
if err := cfg.Decode(data); err != nil {
return err
}
fmt.Println(cfg)
return nil
|
避免裸参数
函数调用中的裸参数可能会损害可读性。当参数名称的含义不明显时,请为参数添加C样式注释(/* … */)。
Bad
1
2
3
|
// func printInfo(name string, isLocal, done bool)
printInfo("foo", true, true)
|
Good
1
2
3
|
// func printInfo(name string, isLocal, done bool)
printInfo("foo", true /* isLocal */, true /* done */)
|
初始化结构体引用
在初始化结构引用时,请使用&T{}代替new(T),以使其与结构体初始化一致。
Bad
1
2
3
4
5
|
sval := T{Name: "foo"}
// 不一致
sptr := new(T)
sptr.Name = "bar"
|
Good
1
2
3
|
sval := T{Name: "foo"}
sptr := &T{Name: "bar"}
|
格式化字符串放在Printf外部
如果你为Printf-style函数声明格式字符串,请将格式化字符串放在外面,并将其设置为const常量。
Bad
1
2
|
msg := "unexpected values %v, %v\n"
fmt.Printf(msg, 1, 2)
|
Good
1
2
|
const msg = "unexpected values %v, %v\n"
fmt.Printf(msg, 1, 2)
|
Initializing Maps
if the map holds a fixed list of elements, use map literals to initialize the map.
Bad
1
2
3
4
|
m := make(map[T1]T2, 3)
m[k1] = v1
m[k2] = v2
m[k3] = v3
|
Good
1
2
3
4
5
|
m := map[T1]T2{
k1: v1,
k2: v2,
k3: v3,
}
|
测试表
在核心测试逻辑重复时,将表驱动测试与子测试一起使用,以避免重复代码。
Bad
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
|
// func TestSplitHostPort(t *testing.T)
host, port, err := net.SplitHostPort("192.0.2.0:8000")
require.NoError(t, err)
assert.Equal(t, "192.0.2.0", host)
assert.Equal(t, "8000", port)
host, port, err = net.SplitHostPort("192.0.2.0:http")
require.NoError(t, err)
assert.Equal(t, "192.0.2.0", host)
assert.Equal(t, "http", port)
host, port, err = net.SplitHostPort(":8000")
require.NoError(t, err)
assert.Equal(t, "", host)
assert.Equal(t, "8000", port)
host, port, err = net.SplitHostPort("1:8")
require.NoError(t, err)
assert.Equal(t, "1", host)
assert.Equal(t, "8", port)
|
Good
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
|
// func TestSplitHostPort(t *testing.T)
tests := []struct{
give string
wantHost string
wantPort string
}{
{
give: "192.0.2.0:8000",
wantHost: "192.0.2.0",
wantPort: "8000",
},
{
give: "192.0.2.0:http",
wantHost: "192.0.2.0",
wantPort: "http",
},
{
give: ":8000",
wantHost: "",
wantPort: "8000",
},
{
give: "1:8",
wantHost: "1",
wantPort: "8",
},
}
for _, tt := range tests {
t.Run(tt.give, func(t *testing.T) {
host, port, err := net.SplitHostPort(tt.give)
require.NoError(t, err)
assert.Equal(t, tt.wantHost, host)
assert.Equal(t, tt.wantPort, port)
})
}
|
参考