macox安装pytest报错解决方案

错误提示信息如下:

 1
 2
 3
 4
 5
 6
 7
 8
 9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35

pip3 install pytest
error: externally-managed-environment

× This environment is externally managed
╰─> To install Python packages system-wide, try brew install
    xyz, where xyz is the package you are trying to
    install.

    If you wish to install a Python library that isn't in Homebrew,
    use a virtual environment:

    python3 -m venv path/to/venv
    source path/to/venv/bin/activate
    python3 -m pip install xyz

    If you wish to install a Python application that isn't in Homebrew,
    it may be easiest to use 'pipx install xyz', which will manage a
    virtual environment for you. You can install pipx with

    brew install pipx

    You may restore the old behavior of pip by passing
    the '--break-system-packages' flag to pip, or by adding
    'break-system-packages = true' to your pip.conf file. The latter
    will permanently disable this error.

    If you disable this error, we STRONGLY recommend that you additionally
    pass the '--user' flag to pip, or set 'user = true' in your pip.conf
    file. Failure to do this can result in a broken Homebrew installation.

    Read more about this behavior here: <https://peps.python.org/pep-0668/>

note: If you believe this is a mistake, please contact your Python installation or OS distribution provider. You can override this, at the risk of breaking your Python installation or OS, by passing --break-system-packages.
hint: See PEP 668 for the detailed specification.

提示信息已经明确给出3种解决方案。

方案1,创建虚拟环境来安装

  1. 创建虚拟环境
1

python -m venv /usr/local/Cellar/python@3.12/3.12.3/

指定虚拟环境地址为本机python安装位置

  1. 激活进入虚拟环境,并执行安装指令
1
2

source /usr/local/Cellar/python@3.12/3.12.3/bin/activate
(3.12.3) ➜  pip3 install pytest
  1. 退出虚拟环境
1

(3.12.3) ➜  deactivate
  1. 配置环境加载 编辑环境配置文件~/.zshrc,添加配置:
1

alias pytest='/usr/local/Cellar/python@3.12/3.12.3/bin/pytest'

or

1

export PATH=$PATH:/usr/local/Cellar/python@3.12/3.12.3/bin
  1. 测试验证安装成功
 1
 2
 3
 4
 5
 6
 7
 8
 9
10
11

pytest --version
pytest 8.2.2

pip3 list
Package   Version
--------- -------
iniconfig 2.0.0
packaging 24.0
pip       24.0
pluggy    1.5.0
pytest    8.2.2

方案2,使用pipx工具安装

推荐使用 pipx 工具来安装。

pipx — Install and Run Python Applications in Isolated Environments

1
2
3
4
5

brew install pipx

pipx install pytest

pipx list

方案3,使用参数忽略错误

1

pip install pytest --break-system-packages --user

不推荐使用，有潜在的风险。

vscode选择venv环境

vscode打开命令面板，选择 Python: 创建环境，然后会显示两个环境类型：Venv 和 Conda

选择Venv在当前项目工作区创建.venv虚拟环境

选择后要求选择Python解释器，选择或输入Python解释器路径，如：/usr/local/bin/python3.12

然后会提示是否安装当前工作区依赖文件requirements.txt中的依赖

选择安装后，就会自动进行安装，安装完成.venv虚拟环境就创建完成。

进入虚拟环境，并启动app项目:

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

# 进入虚拟环境
source .venv/bin/activate

# 启动app服务
(.venv) ➜  app uvicorn main:app --host 0.0.0.0 --port 80 --log-level debug

# 退出虚拟环境
(.venv) ➜  deactivate

pytest 使用示例

参考